Navigating Excise Tax Essentials in the US

Have you ever stopped to ponder how the prices of your favorite drinks or products are shaped not only by market demand but also by hidden taxes? The excise tax is one of those factors that can significantly influence what you pay at the checkout counter. Although it may feel distant, excise duty is woven into the very fabric of your daily expenses, dictating costs for goods such as fuel, alcohol, and tobacco. If you’ve ever felt surprised by a spike in gas prices or the cost of a six-pack, understanding excise tax essentials can provide insight that will help you make informed choices as both a consumer and a business owner.

In 2019, a staggering 93% of total excise tax receipts came from highway, aviation, tobacco, alcohol, and health-related excise taxes—clearly indicating how pervasive these taxes are in our lives¹. With the federal government collecting over $100 billion annually in excise taxes, you may find yourself questioning what these fees pay for and how they impact you². In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the specifics of excise taxation, revealing its history, types, implications for consumers, and the regulations that govern it. Together, we’ll navigate the intricate landscape of US tax laws, providing the knowledge you need to demystify the world of taxation.

Key Takeaways

• Excise taxes significantly affect the prices you pay for everyday goods.
• Understanding the types and purposes of excise taxes can enhance your financial decision-making.
• Excise taxes accounted for a substantial percentage of total tax receipts in recent years.
• These taxes are essential for government revenue and may influence consumer behavior.
• Knowledge of how excise taxes work can help you recognize potential cost increases in various sectors.

What is Excise Tax?

Understanding the basics of excise taxes can greatly enhance your knowledge of the taxation system in the United States. An excise tax definition reveals that this tax is levied on specific goods, services, or activities rather than a general sales tax. The primary focus behind the purpose of excise tax is to generate revenue for governmental needs while also discouraging the consumption of harmful products.

Definition and Purpose

According to tax regulations, excise taxes target a narrow range of products, including alcohol, tobacco, and energy products. This approach aims to create a more focused revenue stream that directly relates to the costs those products incur on society. For instance, sin taxes on cigarettes and alcohol are a common excise tax example used to address public health concerns.

Types of Excise Taxes

Numerous types of excise taxes are imposed, each serving specific purposes and targeting different products. Below are some common categories of excise taxes:

• Ad valorem excise taxes, which are based on a percentage of the product’s price.
• Specific excise taxes, which are set fees per unit, such as a $1.01 tax on a pack of cigarettes.
• Luxury taxes, aimed at high-end products and services.

These taxes are significant revenue sources for federal, state, and local governments, as evidenced by the fact that federal excise taxes are applied to items like motor fuel and airline tickets³.

How Excise Taxes Differ from Sales Tax

The differences between excise and sales tax primarily revolve around their applications and how they are levied. While sales tax is charged at the point of sale directly to the consumer, excise taxes are typically imposed at earlier points in the supply chain, often on manufacturers. This structural difference can lead to varying effects on consumer pricing, as businesses may pass on the costs of excise taxes to consumers indirectly, resulting in higher prices for goods.

Recognizing these distinctions and understanding the types of excise taxes can empower you to make more informed financial decisions.

For a closer look at the recent changes in excise tax laws, including new credits and revised rates effective in 2023, you might refer to ongoing legislative updates and IRS guidelines⁴⁵³.

History of Excise Tax in the United States

The evolution of excise tax in the U.S. showcases a significant shift from its early implementations to contemporary structures shaped by various legislative changes. Historically, the history of excise tax can be traced back to the founding years when it served as a crucial revenue source during wartime. By 1860, tariffs and excise taxes accounted for approximately 80–95% of federal revenue⁶ in that period, highlighting their importance.

Early Implementation and Changes

The initial federal excise taxes were levied on commodities like distilled spirits and were vital for government funding. Over the years, various laws have significantly altered the structure and rates of these taxes. For instance, in fiscal year 2020, federal excise taxes raised $86.8 billion, representing 2.5% of total federal tax revenue⁷. This gradual increase in revenue is evident from a mere $4.6 million in 1792 to $86.8 billion by 2020⁷.

Key Legislation Over the Years

Major adjustments in US excise tax legislation reflect the nation’s changing economic needs and policy objectives. Significant acts, like the Revenue Act of 1862 and the Internal Revenue Code, introduced essential frameworks for excise tax practices. By the mid-20th century, such taxes represented around 30.2% of federal revenue during FY1940⁶, although that figure decreased considerably in later years. In 2020, excise taxes contributed less than 3% to total federal tax collections⁸.

Common Types of Excise Taxes You Encounter

Throughout your daily life, you encounter various common excise taxes that impact the prices you pay for goods. These taxes are designed not only to generate revenue but also to influence consumption behaviors. Among the most prevalent types are fuel taxes, alcohol excise tax, tobacco excise duty, and environmental excise tax.

Fuel Taxes

Fuel taxes are a significant source of revenue across different states. These taxes often vary by location, influencing the overall cost at the pump. The federal government imposes a tax of $0.184 per gallon for gasoline, but state fuel taxes can significantly raise that price. This hits consumers directly in their wallets each time they refuel, illustrating how fuel taxes can shape economic behavior.

Alcohol and Tobacco Taxes

The alcohol excise tax and tobacco excise duty serve dual purposes: generating revenue and discouraging excessive consumption. For instance, the federal tax on beer is approximately $3.50 per barrel. These taxes often reflect higher rates due to the associated health risks with these products, leading to a structured pricing model that aims to curb usage.

Environmental Taxes

Environmental excise tax aims to address pollution and promote sustainable practices. Businesses may face taxes that relate directly to their environmental impact, making it necessary for them to evaluate their contributions to sustainability. Such taxes are becoming increasingly relevant as society shifts toward greener practices and accountability.

Understanding these common excise taxes equips you with the knowledge of how they influence everyday expenses and consumption habits. Each of these taxes plays a vital role in shaping both market behaviors and public policy initiatives, highlighting the intersection of economics and social responsibility⁹¹⁰¹¹.

How Excise Taxes Impact Consumers

Excise taxes can have a significant effect on you as a consumer, influencing both the prices you encounter and the availability of products in the market. Understanding the pricing impact of excise taxes is crucial, as it often results in higher costs for certain goods. This added tax burden typically flows through the supply chain, ultimately causing increased retail prices for consumers. For instance, in 2023, excise tax receipts totaled $76 billion, representing about 0.3 percent of GDP and making up 2 percent of federal government revenues, highlighting the substantial role these taxes play in funding governmental operations¹².

Pricing Effects

When excise taxes increase, you might notice a direct correlation with the prices of goods and services you purchase. The difference between the pre-tax price and the post-tax price reflects the amount of excise tax imposed. In turn, the incidence of excise tax is not evenly distributed. Consumers generally bear a higher tax burden when demand is price inelastic, while producers face more pressure when demand is price elastic¹³. The deadweight loss of tax, indicated by the gap between the demand and supply curves, shows how taxes reduce overall surplus in the economy¹³. Thus, the excise tax implications can lead you to reconsider your purchasing choices, especially for items heavily taxed.

Product Availability

Excise taxes can also have considerable ramifications for product availability. Manufacturers may decide not to enter markets with high excise duties due to the reduced profitability associated with these taxes. As a result, the variety of products accessible to you may diminish, particularly for goods subject to high excise taxes. In recent years, revenues from the excise tax on tobacco, for example, fell from $17 billion in 2010 to $10 billion in 2023, reflecting a decline in the amount of tobacco products sold¹². This trend illustrates how excise tax can limit consumer choice in certain areas. Additionally, consumers in lower income brackets are often disproportionately affected, paying a larger portion of their income on such goods compared to their higher income counterparts¹².

Who Administers Excise Taxes?

Understanding who manages excise taxes is crucial for compliance in the complex landscape of U.S. taxation. Excise taxes are administered at both federal and state levels. The federal excise tax authority is primarily the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), while individual states handle their unique tax responsibilities.

Federal vs. State Authorities

The IRS collects over $100 billion of excise taxes annually, focusing on various sectors, including petroleum-based fuel and alternative fuels¹⁴. Each state imposes its own excise taxes managed by respective state tax departments, reflecting local policies and economic priorities. This dual system means businesses must be diligent regarding state excise tax responsibilities while aligning with federal tax requirements.

Roles of the IRS

The IRS is responsible for enforcing and collecting major excise taxes across a broad spectrum, ranging from sporting goods to air transportation. For instance, the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) plays a significant role in overseeing excise taxes related to alcoholic beverages and tobacco products¹⁴. Furthermore, taxpayers dealing with Superfund chemical excise taxes must adopt stringent reporting methods, filing quarterly using designated forms¹⁵.

When managing compliance, companies may face penalties of up to $10,000 plus an additional $1,000 per day for noncompliance with federal regulations¹⁴. Therefore, navigating these layers of excise tax administration effectively enhances operational efficiency and reduces liabilities.

Fostering awareness about these roles empowers businesses to maintain compliance and optimize tax obligations effectively¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶.

The Calculating Process for Excise Tax

Understanding the excise tax calculation process is crucial for both consumers and businesses. The determination of excise tax rates can vary significantly based on the product type and jurisdiction. Federal, state, and local authorities each impose their own excise tax rates, and this can lead to a complex landscape of taxation that businesses must navigate carefully. Many businesses calculate excise taxes either as a per-unit tax or as a percentage of the product price¹⁷.

Determining Rates

To accurately calculate the excise tax, it’s essential to understand the specific rates that apply to different categories of goods. For example, the federal excise tax rates for petroleum products include a Superfund tax rate of $0.164 and an oil spill tax rate of $0.09¹⁸. Furthermore, services such as local communication are subject to a 3% federal excise tax¹⁸. Other rates include a transportation tax for air travel, which features a $5 charge per segment and a 7.5% percentage tax, impacting both consumers and the airline industry¹⁸.

Filing Requirements

Filing excise taxes is often more frequent than filing individual income taxes. Many businesses are required to submit these taxes monthly or quarterly¹⁷. Federally, Form 720 is used for motor fuel excise taxes, while tobacco taxes require Form 5000.24¹⁷. At the state level, excise taxes might necessitate different forms depending on the product and where sales occur. It’s important for businesses to stay updated with filing requirements to avoid penalties and ensure compliance¹⁷.

Excise Tax Exemptions and Reductions

Understanding excise tax exemptions can significantly benefit you, especially if you qualify under specific criteria. These exemptions help in reducing excise tax liability, which is an advantage for various entities, including some foreign insurers. Knowing the qualifying criteria for exemptions can put you in a much better position when it comes to managing tax obligations.

Qualifying for Exemptions

To qualify for excise tax exemptions, entities must satisfy established standards. For example, businesses dealing with firearms and ammunition might have tax rates such as 10% of the sale price for pistols and revolvers and 11% for other firearms, which can lead to significant tax liabilities¹⁹. It’s essential to understand that factors influencing tax liability include the occurrence of manufacture or importation, along with the identification of the manufacturer or importer¹⁹.

How to Apply for Reductions

Applying for reductions involves submitting necessary documentation to demonstrate your eligibility. Different forms are required for various circumstances, such as TTB F 5300.28 for tax-free registrations and TTB F 5600.34 for fuel supplies¹⁹. Reductions can impact critical areas, from fuel costs with diesel taxed at $0.15 per gallon to manufacturers’ excise taxes varying based on the products involved, such as tires or trucks²⁰. Your submission must clearly outline the excise tax exemptions you are seeking to ensure a smoother application process.

How Excise Taxes Are Collected

Understanding how excise taxes are collected is essential for navigating the compliance landscape. The excise tax collection process typically occurs at various stages in the supply chain. This process often involves manufacturers or sellers fulfilling essential reporting obligations prior to the product reaching consumers. Businesses need to keep detailed records of sales and production volumes to ensure accurate reporting excise taxes. It is crucial for every entity involved to be aware of their responsibilities to avoid any potential legal consequences.

Reporting Obligations

Reporting obligations are integral to the excise tax collection process. Businesses must provide timely and accurate reports to state and federal authorities. Submission requirements can vary depending on the type of product and jurisdiction. Lack of compliance can result in significant penalties, fines, and possible legal actions. Accurate reporting ultimately helps governments maintain transparency in excise tax collection and allocation of funds, reinforcing the importance of diligence in this area.

Payment Methods

For the payment of excise taxes, various methods are available to businesses. Electronic payments are increasingly common as they simplify the compliance process with both federal and state regulations. This facilitates a smoother experience, allowing businesses to make prompt payments while adhering to deadlines. There are options like direct debit and online payment portals that make transactions easy and efficient. Maintaining insights into these payment methods not only ensures timely compliance but also minimizes the risk of incurring penalties.

Excise Taxes and Business Impact

Understanding the excise tax impact on businesses is essential for manufacturers and their strategic decisions. Excise taxes can impose significant compliance costs that affect how manufacturers operate and price their products. With taxes being levied on various goods and services, the decisions businesses make can influence their market strategies and bottom lines.

Implications for Manufacturers

Manufacturers face challenges due to the specific nature of excise taxes that are directly imposed on certain goods. Taxes like those on tobacco and alcohol create additional costs that must be factored into pricing strategies. In 2019, excise taxes accounted for less than 3 percent of total federal tax collections in the United States⁸. However, state excise taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and motor fuel accounted for about 7 percent of total state tax revenue, highlighting their relevance⁸.

Costs of Compliance

The burden of compliance falls heavily on manufacturers, which must regularly file for excise tax returns and ensure accurate record-keeping. Businesses are required to file Form 720 Federal Excise Tax Return quarterly, contributing to their administrative costs³. Specifically, the compliance costs can be substantial, especially for those in industries like fuel where the excise tax impact on businesses significantly affects operational decisions. In 2004, the U.S. federal government collected $72 billion in excise taxes, which represented four percent of its total tax revenues²¹.

It’s crucial for businesses to adapt to these challenges created by manufacturers and excise tax regulations. Keeping abreast of tax obligations not only aids in compliance but also benefits overall business health and sustainability in a competitive market³.

How Excise Taxes Affect Your Favorite Products

Excise taxes significantly influence the prices of widely used products, specifically alcohol, tobacco, and fuel. These taxes can lead to higher retail prices, which affects your spending choices. Understanding the effects of these taxes helps you navigate your expenses better.

Alcohol and Tobacco Products

The impact of excise tax on products like alcohol and tobacco is evident in your everyday purchases. For instance, the alcohol excise tax effects can lead to considerable price increases on distilled spirits and cigarettes. Heavy consumers of these products are less sensitive to price changes due to their inelastic demand, meaning they may endure higher taxes without significantly altering their buying habits. This situation exemplifies how regressive these taxes can be, as lower-income households tend to allocate a larger fraction of their income to these products compared to wealthier families, which creates a disproportionate financial burden for those with limited income²²²³.

Fuel and Energy Costs

Fuel taxes are another area where the impact of excise tax is keenly felt. These taxes are added to the base price of gasoline and diesel, contributing directly to your fuel energy costs. Unlike general sales taxes, which vary by income, excise taxes on fuel tend to disproportionately affect low-income families who spend a higher percentage of their income on transportation. Consequently, designing excise taxes with a broad base can help alleviate the burdens on these economic classes. Additionally, excise taxes can promote responsible consumption by ensuring that costs reflect the externalities generated by such consumption²²²³.

Ultimately, understanding how these taxes shape the price of essential goods can help you make more informed purchasing decisions.

Challenges with Excise Tax Compliance

Understanding the intricacies of excise tax compliance can often feel overwhelming. Business owners frequently face numerous excise tax compliance challenges that arise from complex regulations and strict record-keeping requirements. For example, fuel distributors pay excise tax while retailers manage sales tax, which makes compliance particularly challenging when both taxes intersect in single transactions²⁴.

Common Pitfalls

There are several pitfalls of excise tax compliance that can hinder businesses. Misinterpreting exemption criteria is a prevalent issue, as businesses might not fully understand which exemptions apply to them. Incorrectly filing tax forms can lead to audits or penalties, intensifying the stress around tax season. In addition, variations in regulatory requirements across states compound the risk; each state has different rules regarding how excise and sales taxes are calculated²⁴.

Staying Informed of Changes

To mitigate these risks, staying current with excise tax laws is crucial. Regular updates from reliable tax resources or working with tax professionals can ensure that you remain informed about any legislative shifts that may affect your compliance responsibilities. Furthermore, utilizing automation tools like AvaTax Excise can facilitate accurate tax calculations, reduce compliance risks, and help navigate the varying tax laws across different jurisdictions²⁴.

²⁵

The Future of Excise Taxes in the US

The future of excise taxes in the United States appears dynamic, as anticipated reforms aim to adapt to shifting economic conditions and societal needs. You may notice various upcoming trends in excise taxation that impact both consumers and businesses alike, indicating a need for awareness and preparedness in the evolving landscape.

Potential Reforms

The focus on excise tax reforms is likely to include adjustments to existing rates and regulations, particularly concerning products that significantly affect public health and the environment. For instance, effective January 1, 2024, federal excise tax rates for taxable air transportation will see an increase, including a 7.5% tax on certain flights and fees per passenger for domestic and international transport²⁶. This indicates a trend where excise taxes may be employed as a tool to discourage certain types of consumption perceived as harmful.

Trends to Watch

Monitoring upcoming trends in excise taxation is crucial for both consumers and businesses. One notable trend is the differentiation in state excise tax rates, which can vary widely; for example, California charges $2.87 while New York imposes $5.35 per pack of cigarettes²⁷. This inconsistency fosters a challenging landscape where compliance and pricing strategies must adapt to diverse state regulations.

Furthermore, excise taxes account for less than 20% of government revenue in the U.S., specifically 16.6%²⁸. This statistic suggests that while they are significant, there is still room for growth and reform, particularly as governments evaluate their reliance on these taxes amidst changing consumption behaviors. Excise tax reforms are likely geared toward greater efficiency and effectiveness, ensuring these taxes fulfill their intended purpose of altering consumption patterns while generating necessary revenue for public services.

State-Specific Excise Tax Considerations

Understanding state excise tax differences is crucial for individuals and businesses alike. Each state has its own unique approach to excise taxation, influencing rates and the overall tax structure. Notably, total excise tax collections account for about 11 percent of state and local tax collections²⁹. With significant variations in state excise taxes, staying informed is vital to ensure compliance and effective financial planning.

Notable Differences by State

Some states impose significantly higher excise taxes than others. For example, Vermont leads the nation with the highest per capita state and local excise tax collections at $1,068²⁹. In contrast, Arizona collects the least at $303 per capita²⁹. States such as New York apply a $5.350 per pack excise tax on cigarettes, whereas Alabama charges just $0.675 per pack²⁷. These examples highlight the vast variations in state excise taxes and their implications for consumers.

Resources for State Rules

To navigate the complexities of state excise taxation, it’s essential to utilize available resources for state tax laws. State tax agencies offer comprehensive information on local regulations. Additionally, professional organizations provide guidance and updates on changes to state excise tax laws. By leveraging these resources, you can effectively manage your obligations and stay informed about the evolving landscape of state excise taxes.

The Role of Excise Taxes in Funding Government

Excise taxes serve as a vital source of revenue for government entities at all levels. They contribute significantly to excise tax funding, ensuring the continuity of important public services. As of 2023, excise tax receipts in the United States totaled $76 billion, which represents 0.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), making up 2 percent of the federal government’s revenues¹². This reflects a steady reliance on excise tax revenue, which remains crucial for sustaining essential public services.

Revenue Generation

Excise taxes play a significant role in revenue generation for federal, state, and local governments. In 1991, the federal level collected $42 billion from excise taxes, which represented 6.5% of federal tax revenues³⁰. Similarly, states collected $50 billion, comprising 16.2% of state tax revenues³⁰. Local governments also benefited, receiving $10 billion from excise taxes, making up 4.5% of own-source tax revenues³⁰. Over time, overall reliance on these taxes has seen fluctuations; while excise taxes have declined in relative importance, they remain a crucial funding source within the government’s budget.

Allocation to Public Services

The allocation of excise tax revenue directly affects key public services, including infrastructure, healthcare, and education. For example, a substantial portion of funding for the Highway Trust Fund derives from excise taxes on fuels, which totaled $37.9 billion for fiscal year 2013³¹. This illustrates how excise taxes are pivotal in financing transportation and related projects, maintaining public infrastructure across the nation. With projected revenues remaining steady, the future suggests continued public service funding through excise tax¹².

Frequently Asked Questions About Excise Tax

Excise tax questions are common among both consumers and businesses. Understanding the intricacies of excise tax can help clear up any confusion and provide guidance. Here, we address some common queries regarding excise tax and highlight resources for excise tax that can offer further assistance.

Common Queries

Many individuals often wonder about the specifics of excise tax compliance. Some typical questions include:

• What types of products are typically subject to excise tax?
• How can businesses ensure they are compliant with excise tax laws?
• What are the penalties for failing to comply with excise tax regulations?

Resources for Further Information

For those exploring common excise tax issues, the following resources can be invaluable:

• The IRS provides comprehensive guidelines regarding excise tax and forms that need to be filed.
• Professional tax services offer expert advice tailored to individual business needs.
• Accounting firms specializing in excise taxes can help navigate complex tax landscapes.

It is essential to stay informed and seek resources for excise tax to ensure compliance and avoid penalties³²³³.

Conclusion: Understanding Your Excise Tax Responsibilities

Understanding your excise tax responsibilities is vital for navigating the complexities of consumer laws. Excise taxes are specifically levied on products such as tobacco, alcohol, and fuel, each designed with different purposes, including generating revenue and addressing public health issues³⁴. As tax regulations can change, staying informed about these laws not only helps in compliance but also empowers you to make better financial choices regarding product pricing and availability.

Staying Informed

Staying updated with changes in excise tax laws ensures that you remain compliant and aware of any impacts these taxes may have on your purchasing decisions. Excise taxes can significantly alter the price of your favorite products, as they are often included in the overall cost, unlike sales tax, which is added separately at the point of sale³⁴. Consulting reputable sources and experts can enhance your understanding of these dynamic laws and their implications.

Your Role as a Consumer

As a consumer, being aware of excise taxes enhances your ability to make informed choices. Recognizing the differences between excise and sales taxes is essential; it assists you in planning purchases and helps businesses maintain proper accounting practices³⁵. By actively engaging in your tax responsibilities, you contribute to more effective compliance and informed consumption, ensuring that you are not caught off guard by shifts in taxation policies.

Source Links

1. https://www.indinero.com/blog/what-is-excise-tax/ – What Is Excise Tax? All You Need to Know for Tax Season
2. https://www.taxexecutive.org/excise-taxes/ – Excise Taxes
   The Expert: Debbie Gordon
3. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/excisetax.asp – Excise Tax: What It Is and How It Works, With Examples
4. https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/excise-tax – Excise tax | Internal Revenue Service
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise – Excise
6. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R46938.pdf – PDF
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise_tax_in_the_United_States – Excise tax in the United States
8. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/federal/excise-taxes-excise-tax-trends/ – Excise Tax Application and Trends
9. https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/en/glossary/excise-tax – Excise tax: Overview & FAQs
10. https://taxfoundation.org/taxedu/educational-resources/primer-the-three-basic-tax-types/ – The Three Basic Tax Types
11. https://www.vertexinc.com/resources/resource-library/understanding-excise-taxes-forgotten-indirect-taxation-strategy – Understanding excise taxes: the forgotten indirect taxation strategy
12. https://www.pgpf.org/article/what-are-excise-taxes-and-how-do-they-affect-the-federal-budget/ – What Are Excise Taxes and How Do They Affect the Federal Budget?
13. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/excise-tax/ – Excise Tax
14. https://rsmus.com/insights/services/business-tax/guide-to-excise-taxes-things-every-business-should-know.html – Guide to excise taxes things every business should know
15. https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/superfund-chemical-excise-taxes – Superfund chemical excise taxes | Internal Revenue Service
16. https://www.irs.gov/publications/p510 – Publication 510 (03/2023), Excise Taxes
17. https://www.complyiq.io/excise-tax-guide/ – Excise Tax 101: Definition, Examples, State vs. Federal
18. https://www.simple720.com/blog/how-to-calculate-excise-tax – How to calculate Excise Tax
19. https://www.ttb.gov/regulated-commodities/firearms/taxes-and-tax-exemptions – Firearms and Ammunition Taxes and Tax Exemptions
20. https://www.dgs.ca.gov/Resources/SAM/TOC/3500/3585 – California Department of General Services
21. https://www.bus.umich.edu/otpr/wp2007-2.pdf – Microsoft Word – WP2007-2.doc
22. https://taxfoundation.org/blog/federal-excise-taxes-proper-role/ – Federal Excise Taxes | The Proper Role of Excise Taxes | Tax Foundation
23. https://archive.legmt.gov/content/Committees/Interim/2019-2020/Revenue/Meetings/July-2020/HJ-35/ITEP-How-Sales-and-Excise-Taxes-Work.pdf – PDF
24. https://www.avalara.com/us/en/learn/whitepapers/the-multi-tax-challenge-of-managing-excise-tax-and-sales-tax.html – Multi-Tax Challenge of Managing Excise Tax & Sales Tax – Avalara
25. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106569 – Excise Taxes: Action Needed to Improve Compliance for Sport Fishing and Archery Imports
26. https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/tax/library/aircraft-club-nov-2023-air-transport-excise-tax-rates-for-2024.html – Aircraft Club November 2023: Air transport excise tax rates for 2024
27. https://www.cdc.gov/statesystem/factsheets/excisetax/ExciseTax.html – STATE System Excise Tax Fact Sheet
28. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/global/global-excise-tax-policy-application-trends/ – Global Excise Tax Application and Trends
29. https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/state/excise-tax-collections-per-capita-2018/ – How Much Does Your State Collect in Excise Taxes?
30. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/71071/1000527-Excise-Taxes.PDF – Excise Taxes
31. https://www.taxnotes.com/research/federal/legislative-documents/congressional-joint-committee-prints/jct-describes-current-excise-tax-law/fwdr – JCT Describes Current Excise Tax Law
32. https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/tax/documents/2017/excise_faqs.pdf – PDF
33. https://www.irs.gov/e-file-providers/excise-tax-e-file-compliance-etec-frequently-asked-questions-faqs – Excise Tax e-File & Compliance (ETEC) frequently asked questions (FAQs)
34. https://tfx.tax/articles/tax-tips/how-is-excise-tax-different-from-sales-tax – How is an excise tax different from a sales tax
35. https://nbaa.org/flight-department-administration/tax-issues/federal-taxes/fet/ – Federal Excise Taxes (FET)